Byte array in assembly example. Specified nBytes is length of bytes // array.

Byte array in assembly example Consider creating a custom wrapper object that holds the array, and whose equals() and hashcode() method returns the results from the java. ] I recommend having three index variables: iIn to step through input, iItem to step through elements of one output row or chunk, and iChunk to step through the chunks. You could also Keep in mind that each array element above is a "dq" or an 8-byte long, so I move down by 8 bytes during indexing, and I load into the 64-bit "rax". Now, ebx contains the value 42, which is the value stored at the memory location pointed to by eax. Looking at your examples I see that the last element is a 0. However, if you are using a MemoryStream, then you don't have to worry about ever closing it, since the MemoryStream doesn't actually do anything when it's disposed anyway. For example, Two array examples follow. The above definition declares an array of six words each initialized with the numbers 34, 45, 56, 67, 75, 89. For example, to declare an array of bytes, you can use the Use a for Loop to Initialize a Byte Array in C# ; Use the Enumerable. Syntax: counter DUP ( argument ) Counter and argument must be constants or constant expressions 4 var1 BYTE 20 DUP(0) ; To declare an array in x86 Assembly using NASM, you can use the db, dw, or dd directives to define byte, word, or double-word arrays, respectively. A dword takes up 4 bytes, regardless of how "big" the number you wrote there appears to be. @fill_loop: mov [si], byte 1 inc si loop @fill_loop Note that in 16-bit mode loop instruction decrements cx and jumps to label if cx is not zero after decrement. For int a[10], sub sp, sp, #48 will allocate your array on the stack. s Generally an array can be sizes other than 'byte'. I need to put 4 arrays in memory, each array has 10 numbers which are the size of one byte. ToArray(); } } You just need copy this function to your code and send to it the object that you need to convert to a byte array. To correctly determine the size of an array, for your example the code would be Marshal. The program should grab a byte array "MyBinaryData" and Load+Run it as a new program. data section of the above assembled program (the . There will be a text box where you can enter the var bytes = Assembly. The first 9 elements have values higher than 0, the 10th has a value of 0. Right after declaring an array, subtract the current location in memory with the starting location of the array to get the number of bytes used by the array. Reflection. " So for this particular piece of code, where the lea si, a lea di, b mov cx, n xor ax, ax start_sum: add al, [si] ;Element of a array add al, [di] ;Element of b array inc si inc di loop start_sum But since the starting points of these arrays are a certain distance (10) apart in memory, there's a solution using just 1 pointer: What is the use of . Ask Question Asked 10 years, 7 months ago. Shows how to exchange and work with arrays either created in WebAssembly or in JavaScript. Creating arrays in WebAssembly and using them in JavaScript. The difference is that byte arrays need to store a size and a string has a reserved character '\x00' that is the end marker. Now, I need to find the way to check if any of the numbers from one string have a pair in another string and if they do I need to put those answers on to stack. That's an abstraction that only applies to one particular method of HTTP file transfer (namely a multipart/form-data encoded request body). Here's an example that sums all elements in an array: I have an in-memory assembly MyAssembly (class library) that is used in my main assembly MyApp. >>> key = bytearray([0x13, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00]) >>> bytes(key) b I am creating a program to see if I can run a byte array in C#. for an example of how mov reg, OFFSET symbol assembles + links. Add a comment Here's the real answer (adjust accordingly if you want a byte array specifically; obviously the math will be off by a factor of 8 bits : 1 byte): I just added HIGH and LOW into R24 and R25 and now is working. You need to pass that byte array to code running in new AppDomain and call Load(byte[]) on that data. Load(assemblyBuffer); var entryPoint = assembly. The size of this block depends on the number of elements and their data type. For example: byte[] asmData; // Contains the assembly data AppDomain appDomain = # Arrays example. h> on Linux systems) to convert your unsigned int to big endian byte order, then use memcpy() (defined in the header <string. exe file, not the source code document), this is what you would see:. EntryPoint; var commandArgs = mov cl, 0 ; cl is the counter register, set it to ; zero (the first character in the string) start: ; Beginning of loop mov al, bytes[cl] ; Read the next byte from memory cmp al, 0 ; Compare the byte to null (the terminator) je end ; If the byte is null, jump out of the loop sub al, 20h ; Convert to upper case ; A better solution would be: and MASM is saving you from yourself: you wrote an add with a 16-bit memory source operand which would be 2 array elements taken as one 16-bit integer. It will have a backing array, and its array offset will be zero. asciz can emit the same data if you give them the corresponding args. The directive you're looking for is . Assembly. mov eax, byteArray[edi ] loads 4 bytes from the stack. But of course that will lead to a larger byte array. Either put xor ax, Solution Step1: copy the 1st element into EAX and exchange it with the element in the 2nd position. Creating an Array. . if you already understand a 2d array at the C programming level for example then the assembler is the next logical step. Carl mentioned it, but here is a complete example to let it sink in further: a Linux x86_64 implementation of true with a nop More complex types, such as as strings, structs and arrays, are encoded within the WebAssembly's linear memory - which is a contiguous block of memory that both WebAssembly and JavaScript can read and write to. byte test[]={0xb4,0xaf,0x98,0x1a}; Note that you don't need to explicitly specify the array size in this case unless you want the array length to be larger than the number of elements between the brackets. Details left to the reader. byte key[] = {0x13, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00}; but a closer analogue to the code you've provided for example would be using the bytearray type. Here is the exception I am getting: 9. 2) byteArray is a stack address. ConvertFrom method actually takes advantage For example, use movzx rax, word ptr [a] ; a is an array of dw = words movsx rcx, byte [b + 1*1] ; b is an array of db = bytes add rax, rcx mov [result], rax ; result is a qword (the 2nd array element), scaled by the element size. The first creates an array named grades, which will store 10 elements each 4 bytes big aligned on word boundaries. The AT&T syntax is used by the GNU assembler. are you aware the memory is addressable by single bytes, so 32 bit value occupies 4 bytes in memory = the first element of that array occupies addresses arrayD+0, arrayD+1, arrayD+2 and arrayD+3. # Contents. data arrayB BYTE 10h,20h,30h . The second element starts at address arrayD+4 (and occupies mem up to +7) – I am learning assembly and I am trying to write to individual bytes in a bytes32 array. It will contain the pointer to byteArray if EDI =0 and else crap. Creating arrays in JavaScript and using them in WebAssembly. Note that no alignment is specified, so How do I declare an array in x86 NASM Assembly Language? To declare an array in x86 NASM Assembly Language, you need to use the db, dw, or dd directives, depending on the size of the elements in your array. I'd like to send a raw Byte array in response to a Get and I'd like to bypass any serialization (as well as any deserialization in my WPF client). g. Load. LoadAssembly(byte[]) is not supported, save the assembly first to file system and then load it. Big-little endian details when reading bytes (memory location) 2. Specified nBytes is length of bytes // array. Using 8 bit bytes for example an array z[1][2] is second row third item over if you want to think of it that way, to compute the address it is as it is in C address of z plus the first index times width of the array, lets say This made sense to me. global _start _start: MOV R0, #5 LDR R1,=first_array @ loading the address of first_array[0] LDR R2,=second_array @ loading the address of You'd have to write your own implementation of Iterable<Boolean> which took an array of bytes, and then created Iterator<Boolean> values which remembered the current index into the byte array and the current index within the current byte. According to the documentation: User-defined types, including classes, structs, and arrays, cannot be const. Another way to do this is, This is a start, but OP has misused i - so the code above is still quite wrong. Array of 5 bytes array_size equ $ - numbers ; Iterating through arrays often involves using Assembly Loops. i=0; Let's see a little bit of example code and the assembly generated by the compiler. Unlike in high level languages where arrays can have many dimensions and are accessed by indices, arrays in x86 assembly language Keep in mind that each array element above is a "dq" or an 8-byte long, so I move down by 8 bytes during indexing, and I load into the 64-bit "rax". Cratecode. – In MIPS, I have created an array using . An array is a collection of elements (usually of the same type) stored sequentially in memory. Here is an example that Writes from the assembly into a local buffer: I see two possible solutions to support different devices from one application: you use your approach and embedd the needed assembly of a device and, as System. This is what I did so far: I receive byte array what contains assembly data. Commented Jun 11, 2019 at 18:24. For example, to create an integer array with 5 elements, you can do the following: to access the third element in a 2-byte word array: mov ax, [array + 2 * 2] This calculates the And in this statement, you are creating an Byte array of length 15. For decoding a series of bytes to a normal string message I finally got it working with UTF-8 encoding with this code: /* Convert a list of UTF-8 numbers to a normal String * Usefull for decoding a jms message that is delivered as a sequence of bytes instead of plain text */ public String convertUtf8NumbersToString(String[] numbers){ int length = numbers. byte 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 those values are stored in memory as 8 bit integers, for example: 0x04030201 How can I To get the value pushed by push bx here you would need mov bx, word [bp + 2] because, in your example, there is no return address between the stack slot used by the push bx and the stack address used from bp by your mov bx. byte 0x90 and nop are identical anywhere, even in . This will generate the assembler file byte-array. Instead, you should use For example, to loop through an array of bytes (or characters in a string) in assembly, you could do the following: mov eax, 0 mov ecx, 0 loop_start: cmp ecx, ARRAY_LENGTH jge loop_end add eax, BYTE PTR myArray[ecx] add ecx, 1 jmp loop_start loop_end: Notice I had to add "BYTE PTR" when referencing the array to tell the assembler Learn about arrays in assembly language programming. . ReadAllBytes for an existing assembly file, but in my real app there is no file. byte that is initialized with values. byteArray[edi] adds EDI to this address (*1 is superfluous). data arrayD DWORD 1,2,3. exe:. 1. In x86 Assembly, we can create arrays using the db, dw, or dd directives, depending on the size of the elements. When consuming, I'm using the code below (taken from an example) but I'm getting each record as being just 8 bytes (sample output beneath code). This allocates 2x6 = 12 bytes of In assembly, arrays are typically declared by reserving a block of memory. So in you assembly example you tmp just points to an invalid memory location and therefore returns 0. The register names are prefixed with %. Then a utility method like this would come in handy: private static Boolean isBitSet(byte b, int bit) { return (b & (1 << bit)) != 0; } There's another reason to set it up this way! In the notation [intArray+index] the index part is meant to be an offset in the array. For example, how to traverse byte array in assembly using nasm as assembler? hello, I am trying to learn assembly using nasm as assembler. var assembly = Assembly. Load method returns a System. Warning: cancerous solution follows. – Peter Cordes. Arrays in x86 Assembly. array: . Also if you have a 5-byte array composed of 5 elements, ie one byte per element, you need mov al, byte [bx] not mov ax. ReadAllBytes(assembly. [Not the point you were making; just saying people should not copy the above blindly. The second creates an array named id of 10 bytes. We can access an element by loading it to a register. Viewed 1k times Accessing and moving bytes in X86 assembly. Here is the code that is causing the exception: Assembly a = Assembly. The System. In C# a byte array could look like: byte[] bytes = { 3, 10, 8, 25 }; The sample above defines an array of 4 elements, where each element can be up to a Byte in length. The assembler will evaluate the constant expression and just use the same (RIP-relative) I've defined a byte array using . an array of bytes, each element is 1 byte each; an array of words, each element is 2 bytes each; an array of dwords, each element is 4 bytes each cmp ebx, ARRAY_OUTPUT_LEN cmp ebx, ecx jg stack_alloc You have a typo in your code. MyAssembly has only . byte array. Assembly instance representing the loaded assembly, and since you're not assigning that return value to a variable, PowerShell implicitly prints a friendly representation of the object to A mostly portable way to convert your unsigned integer to a big endian unsigned char array, as you suggested from that "175" example you gave, would be to use C's htonl() function (defined in the header <arpa/inet. size() as a template parameter In fact, it indicates that your assembly was successfully loaded from your byte array: The System. fill 400 data-size defaults to 1 (byte). number of elements) that contains a collection of byte (8 bits) sized elements. So this chapter will not cover their use, but how arrays are implemented and elements in the array accessed in You can use: byte[] bytes = File. byte "Hello " . The value returned by fileBytes isn't the array itself, it is instead a pointer to the location of the array in linear memory. Imagine the following piece of code which is part of the operating system: array. Use ldrb to load byte from array at element n The code below will branch to "some function" when ASCII value for #4 is encountered. In the code example, the address label eoa is used to mark the end of the array. in simulator i see value read from array: ldi XH, HIGH(digit) ; load X = address of digit array ldi XL, Low(digit) ; high Byte also ldi R24, HIGH(6) ; Read index 6 value from digit array High Byte ldi R25, Low(6) ; Read index 6 value from digit array Low Byte add XH, R24 ; add the array index Adc XL, R25 ; And add 0 I didn't run you code so may analysis may be wrong. ExecuteAssemblyByName() still searches the disk for the assembly, for some weird (and about +4 . Load(bin); bin is my byte array, loaded from the EXE. byt "world", $0D, $00 (may be 6502 does not support ". NET Framework ASM mov byte array. In order to convert an image to a byte array you have to specify an image format - just as you have to specify an encoding when you convert text to a byte array. Whether there is a label or not pointing to the byte, does not matter. public static class Definitions { public static readonly byte[] gLongByteArray = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, //and so on }; } For example, the least significant 2 bytes of EAX can be treated as a 16-bit register called AX. As Nate Eldredge mentioned in a comment, ARMv8 requires 16-byte stack alignment from hardware, so you cannot write sub sp, sp, #40. Just subtract the stack pointer and store your values there. fill <count>\[, <data-size>\[, <value>\]\]. s. Length. The loop should break when the 0 is encountered. Working with Arrays in x86 NASM Assembly Language. ImageConverter. The code will fail to return; which is @DarqueSandu Although that's good advice in general, careful reading of the allocate method reveals the following: " The new buffer's position will be zero, its limit will be its capacity, its mark will be undefined, and each of its elements will be initialized to zero. Do a zero-extending load (like movzx cx, [arr] ) and add that to AX. long") you can directly instruct the assembler to put some given bytes to some memory location instead of the byte that represents some instruction. You can store some value Learn how to create, manipulate, and utilize arrays in x86 NASM Assembly Language. Copy(dllLocation, anotherLocation); var asm = Assembly. Arrays methods. byte assembles literal data into the output file. I did not found example related to string For example, we can put full 64-bit numbers into memory using "dq" (Data Quad-word), and then read them back out with QWORD[yourLabel]. byte[] assemblyData = GetAssemblyDataFromSomewhere(); (For testing, the GetAssemblyDataFromSomewhere method can just do File. 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 For local arrays on the stack, it's pretty much same as other architectures. Load(), domain. The cmp [esi], ebx do compare [esi] with ebx of course (it is just a [esi]-ebx). } return -1; } // Decodes specified HEX string to bytes array. The way you wrote your program, it will write the 10th value behind the array. Solution 2: When the assembly is a byte array. And it will initialized as - The byte vs word is not freely interchangeable, because byte is only 8 bits of information, and word is 32 bits of information (on MIPS platform). Repeat and ToArray Methods to Initialize a Byte Array in C# ; Use the Buffer. The important thing to notice is that my_array is referred to by name in the ldi instructions. ). So the byte can be set to 256 different possible values (2 8 combinations of eight 0/1 bit values), and word can be set to 256 4 different possible values (pattern of 32 bits). NET Core Web API server. However, the book later does:. 2. Serialize(ms, obj); return ms. util. Assembly memory addressing in big endian format. Maximum number of Here's a little class we're using for this purpose: static class EmbeddedResource { /// <summary> /// Extracts an embedded file out of a given assembly. data letters : . We can put individual bytes into memory using Use DUP to allocate (create space for) an array or string. BlockCopy Method to Initialize a Byte Array in C# ; Use the For example, how can I make my entire array of 10 elements that are from the address 0200h? Without moving from the array to the memory address. You're right that this is the problem. Note that this is in AT&T syntax, source, destination format. byte spits out bytes wherever you are. Using the loader and the full runtime to work with managed objects. section . Most of the time returnValue would be null. For example: For example: myArray db In addition to @Chris Lutz's correct answer:. – Peter But see also mov instructions with byte destination for immediate to memory. So when you say byte array, you're referring to an array of some defined length (e. data myArray dword 1,2,3,4,5 In a hex editor, if you looked at the . Net assembly with an EntryPoint (Main method) you could just do this. I am getting errors trying to load. You need four bytes to store the same possible When converted to bytes, the hex-string in this example resolves to the ASCII text "Hello there!" which is then printed. Considering that the number of elements is not divisable by 3, I can work out that the first element needs to be a 1. a1 WORD 1,2,3 WORD 4,2,3 WORD 1,4,3 will compile as bytes (in hexa): 01 00 02 00 03 00 04 00 02 00 03 00 01 00 04 00 03 00 Memory is addressable by bytes, so if you will find each element above, and count it's displacement from the first one (first one is displaced by 0 bytes, ie. h> for ; if the byte array contains signed numbers use ; "movsx" mov [edi], eax ; store to the dword array inc esi add edi, 4 ; <-- notice, the next cell is 4 bytes ahead! loop copy_loop ; the human-friendly labels will not affect the ; speed of the program. If you're worried about CPU resources, pick a format which doesn't bother compressing - just raw ARGB pixels, for example. it's address is a1+0), you should see a pattern, how to calculate the To convert inline assembly to the corresponding bytes, you can write your assembly inside of a __declspec(naked) function and use WriteProcessMemory to write data into the external process, using the inline assembly function as the source. byte 0:26 And i've got some questions : 1 ) Is the first cell in the array available for use, or its employed for other purpose? Assembly . LoadFile(anotherLocation); Assuming you want your array of bytes to occupy the stackspace from [EBP-260] to [EBP-16], it will hold 260 - 16 + 1 = 245 bytes. You made other The easiest way to pass an array of bytes is to declare the parameter in your import statement as a byte array. For example This might help down the line for others who want to know about how to allocate memory for array in arm assembly language here is a simple example to add corresponding array elements and store in the third array. effectively creating an array. You'd have to declare it as a static readonly field like this. e. Returns number of bytes decoded // on success. How can we define empty 2D array 251x256 for 32 bit code in assembly? I have an old example in 16 bit code for assembly: DataIn byte 251 dup (256 dup (?)) Now I would like to declare the same thing but that will work for 32 bit architectures for NASM. Load(binaryData); var entryPoint = bytes. 0. However, your example is a byte array. And yes, . Probably a heap or stack where your array is allocated will not be executable then you need to use the VirtualProtect and related api (for win32 ). The routing is working and it is sending/receiving. Modified 11 years, How can I load the 6 ( for example ) cell of the array ? I've thought about Minimal runnable example. code mov eax,arrayD xchg eax,[arrayD+4] xchg eax,[arrayD+8] mov arrayD,eax The bytes memory only stores the location of the data in memory on stack. In order code segment start: mov ax,data mov ds,ax lea si,[a] ; original array offset lea di,[n] ; destination array offset mov cx,l ; byte (!) length of original array repeta: ; load single byte from original array mov al,[si] inc si ; skip zeroes test al,al jz skipping_zero ; store non-zero to destination mov [di],al inc di skipping_zero: loop repeta Your repo shouldn't be using IFormFile. Location); on an already loaded assembly and it will get you a byte[] that is suitable to be passed to Assembly. byte assembler directive in gnu assembly? explains how . I've written my first ASP. Invoke Copy bytes from file; Encrypt and convert bytes to string by using base64; Write the string to a program with a binary writer; The program will pick up on the string and store it in a variable; The program will now convert it back to a byte array and decrypt it; Now I tried to get the program to run the bytes with assembly. However, if the assembly was originally loaded using the Load(byte[]) method, its Location property will be an empty string, meaning that this method will not work. 1 Allocating arrays in memory; Most readers of this text will be familiar with the concept of arrays, and using them in a HLL. Something like your repo should have no knowledge of the source of the file (HTTP), nor how it was transmitted (multipart/form-data vs application/json for example). EntryPoint; var commandArgs = new string[0]; var returnValue = entryPoint. And (3(?)) means 3 unknown values. Load(byte[]). ChatGPT says: Q: How can I declare an array in ARM Cortex-M assembler? A: To declare an array in ARM Cortex-M assembler, you can use the DCB (Define Byte), DCD (Define Doubleword), and DCF (Define Floating-Point) directives, depending on the type of data that you want to store in the array. Login. Is there a way a consumer can simply take a whole message as a byte array? Code: @DanielDunn: I already provided the example: it's the implementation of read_data in the second code snippet. Follow [bx] to mov al,byte ptr array[bx] and mov ds:[si],ax to mov byte ptr ds:[si],al. As a rule of thumb, always specify memory operand size: cmp BYTE PTR [esi], bl this way the assembler can tell you if you are doing wrong. byte and . (1, 0) followed by 81 times (2, 1, 0) The second way is to use the inline assembler and perform a jmp to your byte array's address. When changing my solution to load a byte array, OP and I discovered a weird exception file not found exception: even if you pass in a byte array to Assembly. In the specific case of 400 bytes: array: . You could correct the problem replacing the cmp with a mov but I would propose to simplify your code and just compare the index in ECX to Example:. If the array is of 4-byte integers, we'd declare them with "dd" (data DWORD), move down by 4 bytes per int array element, and store the answer in a 32-bit register like "eax". You can't make a const array. This can be better explained using this example - array DB 5 DUP(3 DUP('a'), 2 DUP('b')) Here the array will be of length 25 (5*(3+2)). If you want to shift a bytes you need to process the whole bytes data word by word and also handle overflows between the words. Similarly, to store a byte, you would fetch a word, mask out the byte you want, or in the byte you want to store and then write the word back to memory. If you wanted to load a byte, you would load a word and use bit shifts and masking operations to fetch the byte you wanted. You have first to load the value of byteArray to get the Let us define a one-dimensional array of numbers. I'm working on a program which loops through an array of 10 numbers. If you are actually using the nasm assembler (which is Intel format, not AT&T), then the times directive will work, as In assembly, everything is just raw bytes. And if you wanted to provide command line arguments you could put them in the commandArgs string listed below. Returns -1 if fails to decode any of bytes. byte-array. Improve this answer. It doesn't matter what directive you use to output those bytes, just what the assembler emits into the output file. that way you have a large aplication with all kind of different runtime A basic introduction to arrays in x86 NASM Assembly, including array allocation, accessing elements, and looping through arrays. Step 2: Exchange EAX with the 3rd element and copy the element in EAX to the first array position. Using both copies of and live views How can I represent a byte array (like in Java with byte[]) in Python? I'll need to send it over the wire with gevent. Ask Question Asked 11 years, 11 months ago. 21. I have the following code: contract TestAssembly {} function test( uint8 _count ) public { Once you pass the byte[] to the Assembly. length; Lea Esi, The_Source_You_Want_To_Copy ;Whatever, define it Cld ;This is the direction flag, make it inc Rep Movsb ;Movsb means move byte for byte Now, if you want to stuff the same value in each byte in the arrray do this If the byte array is a . Offsets are always zero based quantities. If you're trying to use the array as a generic HashMap key, that's not going to work. Here's a simple example: numbers We define an array of 5 bytes using DB directive in . data section and initialized the first 5 elements as 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. You can construe the string as byte size elements of some array. Now as with any loading of an assembly you need to understand how dependencies are resolved when useing different methods of loading assemblies. Drawing. This works like this, you are asking the assembler to give you 5 of these (3(?)). I have an EXE loaded into a byte array, and I am trying to load it into an assembly object using Assembly. If you happen to be in the text segment, then that byte might get run like code. The cmp ebx, ARRAY_OUTPUT_LEN instruction should not be comparing but rather loading the EBX register. Big Endian to Little Endian. SizeOf(typeof(byte)) * ar. load (where it goes The. Modified 10 years, 7 months ago. data. For example:. The mistake here is that you are comparing DWORDs instead of byte. Load method, that byte array has absolutely no information to even hint the Load method where it came from - it's only a bunch of bytes. I believe the value that fills the 400 bytes defaults to zero. Normally you wouldn't use As @piedar pointed out, the stream should NOT be closed/disposed until after the bitmap is disposed. lea si,a xor cx,cx mov cl,[i] @fill_loop: mov [si], byte 1 inc si dec cx jnz @fill_loop Or, if you want to save 1 byte and use loop instruction. by using "word ptr" or "word" as per your assembly language; Share. The same would apply if you copied the file to a separate location: File. How i can get assembly name from this data without loading assembly in appdomain ? var assemblyName = GetAssemblyName(byte[] asmData);//doesn't load assembly to appDomain. Discover how to declare, initialize, and manipulate arrays efficiently in low-level programming. Let's create an array of // Convert an object to a byte array public static byte[] ObjectToByteArray(Object obj) { BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatter(); using (var ms = new MemoryStream()) { bf. add [intArray+index], al ; here is the problem. code mov esi, OFFSET arrayB mov al,[esi] inc esi mov al,[esi] inc esi mov al,[esi] For example, early Alpha prcoessors didn't have these instructions. ojrstn lmw fbgtfw olfs bgvqi efciad uqy yzg wjrwlp aaiii